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Conflict
and Violence in South Asia: Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka |
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Hard
cover:
November 2000; 436pp;
US$ 25.00
Rs. 1,200.00
(Postage free only for local
orders) |
Edited
by K M de Silva,
Kandy, ICES, 2000.
The chapters of this volume
examine a variety of protracted conflicts in the states of South
Asia: Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Many of the
issues in these conflicts are generally common to most if not
all of these countries. |
In the separatist struggles reviewed
here, whether in the states of northeast India, in Bangladesh or in
northeast Sri Lanka, there are the complications caused by external
forces. Other conflicts stem from some of the most critically important
divisive issues in the region. These include religious strife on which
two chapters deal with sectarian conflict, Muslims against Muslims
in Pakistan, and the tensions between Hindus and Muslims in many parts
of India. There are also the caste conflicts in India and violent
social conflicts with a political programme such as Naxalism in India,
or the two JVP insurrections in Sri Lanka. All the chapters contain
fresh insights and new data.
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Aftab Ahmed, Professor
of Political Science, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
K M de Silva, Executive Director, International Centre
for Ethnic Studies (ICES), Kandy and Professor Emeritus, University
of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. He was Professor of
Sri Lanka History at the University of Peradeniya from 1969
to 1995.
Partha S Ghosh, Director, Indian Council of Social
Science Research, New Delhi, India.
Mahendra P Lama, Associate Professor, South Asia Division,
School of International Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University,
New Delhi, India.
Ajay K Mehra, Senior Lecturer, Shaheed Bhagat Singh
College, New Delhi, India; and was associated with research
programmes of the Centre for Policy Research, New Delhi from
1980-1999.
G H Peiris, Professor of Geography, University of Peradeniya,
Peradeniya, Sri Lanka; Senior Research Fellow, International
Centre for Ethnic Studies (ICES), Kandy, Sri Lanka.
Mohammad Waseem, Professor of International Relations,
Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad; and was until recently
Quaid-i-Azam Fellow, St. Antony’s College, Oxford, United
Kingdom.
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The essays in this volume
were chosen from a set of papers presented at two conferences
on Conflicts in South Asia held on 15-17 July 1996 and 3-5
May 1997. These conferences were two of several held as part
of a complex research project in which the International Centre
for Ethnic Studies (ICES), Kandy, was associated with the
Clingendael Institute in the Hague, the Netherlands. The main
project, a comprehensive study of conflict in three parts
of the world, South Asia, West Africa and Central America,
was planned and led by the Clingendael Institute. The ICES
was responsible for the South Asian segment.
As editor of this volume I have incurred many debts to several
individuals and groups of people. My two colleagues at the
ICES, Kandy, Professors Gerald Peiris and S W R de A "Sam"
Samarasinghe were involved in this project from its very inception,
in its planning and to its implementation. Without their support
unstintingly given, my task as Project Leader for the South
Asian segment, and as editor of this volume would have been
more onerous than it has been. I wish to place on record my
appreciation of the support given to us by our colleagues
in South Asia, both in their commitment of time to it, and
their ready cooperation in revising their papers for publication.
The revisions came at various stages and more frequently than
with other projects in which they have been associated with
us. They are Drs Partha Ghosh, Mahendra Lama and Ajay Mehra
(India), Professor Mohammad Waseem (Pakistan) and Professor
Aftab Ahmed (Bangladesh) to all of whom we are very grateful.
Our long association with the Clingendael Institute has been
both cordial and very productive and I would like to thank
them for all their assistance to me and to the ICES in the
running of this project. We have met together here in Sri
Lanka, and in the Hague, on a number of occasions, first of
all in planning the project, and thereafter at conferences
and workshops which formed part of this complex academic enterprise.
The Clingendael team consisted of Dr J Siccama as the Team
Leader, Dr Luc van de Goor and Mr Pyt Douma. Professor Georg
Frerks took over from Dr Siccama in the final stages of the
project. The ICES would like to thank all of them.
At the ICES Roshni Siriwardene, Research Associate prepared
several versions of the chapters of this volume on the computer,
and indeed of all the papers presented at the two conferences
referred to earlier. Iranga Athukorale was associated with
her in this task and took over from her on Roshni Siriwardene’s
departure to Singapore. Sumedha Abayaratna prepared some of
these chapters after they were revised. The preparation of
the camera-ready copy for our printer was handled by Iranga
Athukorale who set about the task with her usual professionalism.
Laura Gross, Research Associate helped in the editorial work
while Kanthi Gamage, Librarian and Yvette Ferdinands, Research
Associate took over the proofreading of the chapters of this
volume at every stage in its preparation. Vasantha Premaratne
helped us in the preparation of maps and diagrams. We would
also like to mention the support we have had from our accountant
Chalani Lokugamage in handling the budget on this project,
and the keeping of records with her customary efficiency,
associated by our staff assistant, Samarakoon Bandara. Every
other member of our staff gave us his/her support on this
project.
K M de Silva
Kandy, Sri Lanka
September 2000
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Contributors vi
Preface vii
Introduction 1
PART I - RELIGION
1. Sectarian Conflict in Pakistan Mohammad Waseem 19
2. Hindu-Muslim Conflicts in India: Confrontation and Co-Existence
Partha S Ghosh 91
PART II - SOCIAL CONFLICTS
3. Caste Conflict in India Ajay K Mehra 131
4. Vicissitudes of the People’s Liberation Front: Insurrections
in Sri Lanka G H Peiris 179
5. Naxalism and Militant Peasant Movements in India Ajay K Mehra
235
PART III - SEPARATISM
6. Bangladesh: Ethnic Turmoil in the Chittagong Hill Tracts
Aftab Ahmed 281
7. Separatism and Armed Conflicts in North-East India Mahendra
P Lama 333
8. Separatism and Political Violence in Sri LankaK M de Silva
379
Index 431
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