ICES has also explored various aspects of public policies to achieve the same objective of redressing minority grievances. The prime example in this area has been the language policy. ICES research has contributed to the enactment of constitutional reforms, as well as establishment of an Official Languages Commission in order to promote bi-lingual policies.

Until now the ICES’s approach to studying state reforms has been through a focus on institutions such as constitutions, laws and other mechanism. Although there have been few studies which departed from this focus, for example ‘Women and Governance in South Asia – Ed. Yasmin Tambiah ( 2002), Can Democracy be Designed? – Ed. Sunil Bastian, Robin Luckham (2003), the primary attention has been on institutions.

In the next phase of its research ICES hopes to extend its interest on the state and state reforms beyond institutions. The programme of work will have the title ‘State, Power and Justice’, reflecting the broader framework within which this work will be undertaken. A central notion in this programme of research will be the differentiation between institutions and politics.

The notion of justice within the theme reflects the underlying values within which research will be conducted. The usage of the term justice allows the programme to go beyond the narrow confines of rights of one group or another. Such a perspective is essential if ICES is to extend its interest on the state beyond the narrow confines of institutions.

ICES intends to undertake research and policy interventions on a number of subjects within this broader framework of studying the state. Two projects already started – Politics of Interim Arrangements and a study focusing on the actual experience of the provincial council system - hope to break new ground within this broader framework.