| |
Statistical
Tables Illustrations
|
| |
Preface |
| |
List
of Tables and Figures |
| 1.
An Introductory Overview |
| 2.Territory
and People |
| |
Present
National Territory
Territorial Identity: Historical Perspectives
Territory and Ethnicity |
| 3.
Physiography |
| |
Lithology
and Structure
Surface Morphology
Geomorphic Evolution |
| 4.
Climate |
| |
Atmospheric
Circulation
Thermal Conditions
Rainfall
Rainfall Variability and Effectiveness
Atmospheric Humidity
Climate and Ecological Zones |
| 5.
Physical Resource Base |
| |
Land
Elevation and Terrain
Soils
Water Resources
Natural Vegetation
Minerals |
| 6.
General Land Use Changes |
| 7.
The Use of Physical Resources in Agriculture |
| |
Basic
Physical Determinants
Paddy Land
Resource Use in Irrigated Agriculture (A Case Study)
Plantation Land
Chena Land
Agriculture on Homestead Lands |
| 8.
Resource Use in Energy Production |
| |
Biomass
Hydropower
Sunshine and Wind as Energy Resources |
| 9.
Environmental Hazards |
| |
Droughts
and Dry Weather
Floods
Cyclones |
| 10.
Pre-Modern Agrarian Relations |
| 11.Agrarian
Transformation under Colonial Rule |
| |
Prelude
to Change
Agrarian Legislation
Crown Land Alienation
Agricultural Taxation |
| 12.
Spatial Dimensions of Colonial Economic Change |
| |
Rise
of Plantation Agriculture
Wet Zone Peasant Economy and Plantations
Dry Zone Peasantry under Colonial Rule
Demographic Impact of Economic Change |
| 13.
Evolution of Contemporary Agrarian Policy |
| |
New
Policy Orientations
Elements of Continuity and Change in Agrarian Policy |
| 14.
Land Distribution Programmes |
| |
Land
for "Village Expansion"
Meedeniya Village Expansion Scheme: A Case Study |
| 15.
Development of Peasant Settlements in the Dry Zone |
| |
Policy
Perceptions on Dry Zone Development
Colonization and Restoration of Ancient Irrigation Works
Integrated River basin Development: Gal Oya Scheme
Mahaveli Development Programme |
| 16.
Issues and Problems of Dry Zone Settlement Development |
| |
Demographic
Impact of Dry Zone Settlement Development
Living Standards in the Dry Zone Settlement Schemes
Costs and Benefits of Dry Zone Settlement Development
Agrarian Structure of Dry Zone Settlement Schemes
Ethnic Conflict and Dry Zone Settlement Development |
| 17.
Institutional Reform and Rural Development |
| |
Regulation
of Share Tenancy: A Reform in Peasant Agriculture
Socialism in Peasant Agriculture through Co-operative
Farming |
| 18.
Plantation Crop Production |
| |
Production
Trends
Government Policy on the Plantation Sector
Nationalization of Plantations
Government in Plantation Enterprise
Plantation Workers
Current Issues and Prospects of Plantation Agriculture |
| 19.
Manufacturing Industries |
| |
Historical
perspectives
Government Policy and Industrial Change after Independence
(a) Aftermath of Independence
(b) Import Substitution in a Protected Domestic Market
(c) Economic Liberalization and Industry
Spatial
Pattern of Manufacturing
(a) Western and Southern Lowlands
(b) Central Highlands
(c) Dry Zone Interior
(d) Northern and Eastern Lowlands
Towards
a Spatial Dispersal of Manufacturing Industry |
| 20.
Service Industries |
| |
Transport
Service
(a) Roads and Railways
(b) Road and Rail Transport
Trade
Tourism |
| 21.
Social Welfare |
| |
The
Welfare State
Education
Health Services
Food Subsidies
Housing
Domestic Water Supply |
| 22.
Macro-Economic Change: Problems and Prospects |
| |
Trends
of Change: Expectations and Achievements
Economic Growth and Income Distribution
Economic Change and the Environment
Economic Change and Political Unrest
|
|
| 1.1 |
Indicators
of the Physical Quality of Life: South Asian Countries |
| 1.2 |
Trends
of Population Change in South Asia |
| 2.1 |
Ethnic
Composition of the Provincial Population of Sri Lanka,
1981 |
| 2.2 |
Provincial
Distribution of the Ethnic Groups of Sri Lanka |
| 4.1 |
Indicators of Thermal Conditions in Sri Lanka |
| 4.2
|
Classification
Frame for an Ecological Zonation of Sri Lanka |
| 5.1 |
The Zonal Distribution of Land in Sri Lanka |
| 5.2 |
The More Commonly Occurring Soil Types of Sri Lanka |
| 5.3
|
Water
Yield from Rainfall over Sri Lanka |
| 5.4 |
Zonal Variations of Surface Drainage in Sri Lanka |
| 5.5 |
Seasonal Variations of Surface Drainage in Sri Lanka |
| 5.6 |
Surface Geology and Groundwater Potential in Sri Lanka |
| 5.7 |
Main Forest Types of Sri Lanka |
| 5.8
|
Extent
of Forest Cover in Sri Lanka, 1956 and 1981-83 |
| 7.1 |
Size
Composition of Operational Units of Paddy in Sri Lanka,
1982 |
| 7.2 |
Paddy
Land in Sri Lanka, classified by Source of Water, 1955
& 1990 |
| 7.3 |
The
Irrigation Network of Minipe |
| 7.4 |
Extents
of Land under the Main Plantation Crops of Sri Lanka |
| 8.1 |
Hydropower
as a Component of Commercial Energy in Sri Lanka, 1950
to 1964 |
| 9.1 |
Monthly
Incidence of `Absolute Droughts' and `Partial Droughts',
1875 to 1964 |
| 9.2 |
Average
Monthly Water Surplus/Deficit at Selected Meteorological
Stations in Sri Lanka, 1951 to 1980 |
| 9.3 |
Rainfall
Variability in the Wet Seasons of the Dry Zone |
| 9.4 |
Rainfall
in August 1947 at Selected Stations |
| 9.5 |
Enumerated
Losses Caused by the Cyclone of November 1978 |
| 11.1 |
Crown
Land Sales from 1831 to 1930 |
| 12.1 |
The
Urban Hierarchy of Sri Lanka in 1921 |
| 12.2 |
Per
Capita Extents of Land under Subsistence Agriculture in
the Wet Zone, 1890 and 1920 |
| 12.3 |
Decennial
Rates of Population Change in the Provinces of Sri Lanka,
1881 to 1921 |
| 12.4 |
Percentage
Rate of Increase of the "Native" Population
of the Provinces of Sri Lanka, 1881 to 1921 |
| 13.1 |
Share
of Households in the category of "Ultra-Poor",
1978/79 and 1981/82 |
| 14.1 |
Ownership
of Allotments in the Meedeniya Scheme, 1993 |
| 14.2 |
Cultivation
Intensity in the Meedeniya Scheme, 1993 |
| 14.3 |
Income
of the Residents of Meedeniya Scheme, 1993 |
| 14.4 |
Housing
Conditions in the Meedeniya Scheme |
| 14.5 |
Sources
of Drinking Water in the Meedeniya Scheme and Kegalle
District |
| 15.1 |
Peasant
Colonization Schemes based on Restored Irrigation Works,
up to the end of 1978 |
| 15.2 |
Development
of Irrigated Agriculture under the Gal Oya Project, 1951
to 1967 |
| 15.3 |
Main
Hydraulic Structures of the Accelerated Mahaveli Programme |
| 16.1 |
Land
Alienation in Settlement Schemes of the Dry Zone up to
the end of 1991 |
| 16.2 |
Migrant
Population in the Main Settlement Districts of the Dry
Zone, 1981 |
| 16.3 |
Categories
of Settlers in the Mahaveli areas, as at the end of September
1987 |
| 16.4 |
Paddy
Yields and Water Supply Conditions in Sri Lanka, 1980
to 1987 |
| 16.5 |
Annual
Production of Paddy and Other Food Crops in Sri Lanka,
1944/45 to 1946/47 and 1987/88 to 1989/90 |
| 16.6 |
Water
Supply to Paddy Land in the Dry Zone, 1987 |
| 16.7 |
Cost
Estimates on Settlement Development under the Mahaveli
Programme |
| 18.1 |
Percentage
Share of the Global Production of Tea and Rubber, International
Comparisons |
| 18.2 |
Trends
of Tea and Rubber Production in Sri Lanka, 1950 to 1990 |
| 18.3 |
Plantation
Sector in the Economy of Sri Lanka: Selected Indicators |
| 18.4 |
Value
of Output per Unit of Land under the Major Crops of Sri
Lanka |
| 18.5 |
Replanting,
Fertilizer Use and Producer Profits in Tea and Rubber,
Sri Lanka, 1961 to 1972 |
| 18.6 |
Ownership
of Plantation Land in Sri Lanka, 1950 to 1972 |
| 18.7 |
Government
Land Acquisitions between 1972 and 1976 |
| 18.8 |
Land
Control and Land Use on Estates operated by the SPC and
the JEDB, 1977 to 1987 |
| 18.9 |
Productivity
of Tea and Rubber Lands in Sri Lanka, 1977 to 1987 |
| 18.10 |
Tea
Yields in the Major Tea Producing Countries |
| 18.11 |
Output
of the different categories of Tea Producers in Sri Lanka,
1981 to 1988 |
| 18.12 |
Cost
of Production, Price and Producer Margins in the Tea and
Rubber Industries of Sri Lanka, 1979 to 1987 |
| 18.13 |
Ethnic
Composition of the Estate Population in Sri Lanka, 1981 |
| 18.14 |
Earnings
from Employment in the Labour Grades of the Tea Industry,
1960 to 1985 |
| 19.1 |
Occupational
Composition of the Labour Force in Sri Lanka, 1901 and
1946 |
| 19.2 |
Sectoral
Distribution of the Employed Population in Sri Lanka,
1953, 1963, 1971 and 1981 |
| 19.3 |
Value
of Industrial Production in Sri Lanka as estimated by
the Central Bank, 1961 to 1977 |
| 19.4 |
Output
of Selected Manufactured Goods by Government-Owned Industrial
Ventures |
| 19.5 |
Output
as Percentage of Rated Capacity in Selected Government-Owned
Industrial Ventures |
| 19.6 |
Performance
of the Manufacturing Sector, 1978 to 1992 |
| 19.7 |
Industrial
Enterprise promoted by the Greater Colombo Economic Commission
up to 1992 |
| 19.8 |
Export
of Manufactured Goods from Sri Lanka, 1979 to 1992 |
| 19.9 |
Changes
in the Composition of Industrial Production in Sri Lanka,
1973-75 and 1990-92 |
| 19.10 |
Value
Added in Manufacturing as a percentage of the Total Value
of Industrial Output, 1977 to 1992 |
| 19.11 |
The
Principal Fields of Manufacturing in Sri Lanka, 1983 |
| 19.12 |
A
Zonal Frame for the Study of Industrial Location in Sri
Lanka |
| 19.13 |
Main
Industries of the Western and Southern Lowlands |
| 19.14 |
Employment
in Industrial Activities of the Dry Zone Interior |
| 20.1 |
Expansion
of the Public Road Network of Sri Lanka |
| 20.2 |
Inter-District
Variations of Road Density in Sri Lanka, 1990 |
| 20.3 |
Composition
of Commodity Imports into Sri Lanka, selected years |
| 20.4 |
Rice
Surplus and Deficit Areas of Sri Lanka, Mid-1980s |
| 20.5 |
Composition
of Commodity Exports from Sri Lanka, selected years |
| 20.6 |
Trends
of the Tourist Industry, 1970 and 1977 to 1991 |
| 21.1 |
Government
Expenditure on Welfare Services, 1960 to 1981 |
| 21.2 |
Schools
in Sri Lanka, Classified by Type, 1900 and 1925 |
| 21.3 |
Expansion
of the School Education System in Sri Lanka, 1950 to 1990 |
| 21.4 |
Percentage
Distribution of Pupils among the different levels of School
Education, 1950 to 1990 |
| 21.5 |
Distribution
of Facilities for School Education, 1960 and 1990 |
| 21.6 |
Expansion
of State Sector Patient Care Services 1948 to 1990 |
| 21.7 |
Distribution
of Doctors and `Western' Health Care Outlets |
| 21.8 |
Life
Expectancy and Mortality Rates in Sri Lanka, 1950 to 1990 |
| 21.9 |
Rice
subsidy and its Income Effects, 1949 to 1978 |
| 21.10 |
Population
and Housing Stock in Sri Lanka, 1953 to 1971 |
| 21.11 |
Pipe-Borne
Water Supply Services, 1973, 1981 and 1986 |
| 22.1 |
Sectoral
Changes in the Gross Domestic Product of Sri Lanka, 1970
to 1992 |
| 22.2 |
Unemployment
in Sri Lanka in the "pre-Liberalization" Period |
| 22.3 |
Homicide
Rates in 1988, data on Districts in the `South' |
|
| 1.1
|
Sri
Lanka: Administrative Boundaries and Main Towns |
| 2.1 |
Territory and Maritime Zones of Sri Lanka |
| 2.2 |
Ancient
Sri Lanka - c. 6th to 12th century A.D. |
| 2.3 |
Sri
Lanka in the Portuguese and Dutch Period |
| 2.4 |
British
Provincial Demarcations in Sri Lanka |
| 3.1 |
A
Simplified Map of the main Geological Formations of Sri
Lanka |
| 3.2 |
Morphological
Layout of Sri Lanka |
| 3.4 |
Schematic
Representation of the Conventional Theories on the Geomorphic
Evolution of Sri Lanka |
| 4.1 |
Average
Annual Temperature in Sri Lanka |
| 4.2 |
Rainfall
Distribution over Sri Lanka |
| 4.3 |
Seasonal
Pattern of Rainfall over Sri Lanka |
| 4.4 |
Agro-Ecological
Zones of Sri Lanka |
| 5.2 |
Distribution
of the Main Forest Types of Sri Lanka |
| 5.3 |
Distribution
of Economic Minerals in Sri Lanka |
| 6.1 |
Main
Land Use Changes in Sri Lanka, 1956 to 1990 |
| 7.1 |
Surface
Water Potential and the Extent of Agricultural Land; Inter-District
Variations |
| 7.2 |
Extents
of Wet Paddy Land and Sown Extents, 1952 to 1991 |
| 7.3 |
Variables
that affect Water Requirements in Paddy Cultivation |
| 7.4 |
Main
Components of the Irrigation System of Minipe |
| 7.5 |
Channel
Sub-System and Paddy Allotments of the Command Area of
D-Channel No.25 of the Minipe Scheme |
| 7.6 |
Distribution
of Tea Plantations in relation to Ecological Zones |
| 7.7 |
Distribution
of Rubber Plantations in relation to Ecological Zones |
| 8.1 |
Biogas
Production in an Integrated Farming System |
| 8.2 |
Major
Hydropower Plants in Sri Lanka |
| 9.1 |
Flood
Prone Areas of Sri Lanka |
| 9.2 |
Rainfall
Pattern Associated with the Floods of December 1957 |
| 9.3 |
Cyclone
of November 1978 |
| 12.1 |
Expansion
of Plantation Industries and Crown Land Sales in Sri Lanka,
1850 to 1920 |
| 12.2 |
Interaction
of Income Depressants in Peasant Agriculture |
| 14.1 |
Locational
Setting of the Meedeniya Village Expansion Scheme |
| 15.1 |
Irrigation
Headworks of the Larger Settlement Schemes established
in the Dry Zone up to the mid-1970s |
| 15.2 |
Principal
Components of the Irrigation System and the Land Use Pattern
of the Gal Oya Scheme, c. 1970 |
| 15.3 |
Hydraulic
Works, Human Settlement Systems and Nature Reserves of
the Accelerated Mahaveli Development Programme, as in
1993 |
| 15.4 |
Planned
Hierarchy of `Central Places' in Zones 4, 5 and 6 of Settlement
System C of the Mahaveli Development Programme |
| 16.1 |
Village
Tanks in the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka |
| 18.1 |
Relationship
between Yield and Cost of Production of Tea |
| 18.2 |
Profits/Losses
in Tea Production, 1954, 1961 and 1969 as reported by
Rupee Companies |
| 18.3 |
F
O B Prices, Net Sales Average and Costs of production
of Tea, 1970 to 1987 |
| 19.1 |
Government-Owned
Industrial Undertakings, 1976 |
| 19.2 |
Relationship
between Population and Industrial Workforce |
| 19.3 |
Location
of Factories under the `Two-Hundred Garment Factory Project' |
| 20.1 |
Correlation
between Population and Industrial Workforce |
| 20.2 |
Schematic
Representation of the Commodity Trade System of Sri Lanka |
| 21.1 |
Location
of Grade I Schools in relation to Population Distribution
of Kandy District in 1981 |
| 21.2 |
Components
of the National Health Care System |
Development
and Change in Sri Lanka